La variedad de metodologías científicas dedicadas a obtener conocimiento, generar creencias y motivarla acción es amplia. La filosofía de la ciencia y de la educación ha valorado críticamente las virtudes de los diversos métodos científicos, en especial de los inductivos y deductivos. Sin embargo, la aparición de nuevos procedimientos vinculados a ciencias no académicas ha promovido el desarrollo de nuevas perspectivas reflexivas que analicen dichas virtudes. Desde los métodos controlados aleatorios hasta los procedimientosepidemiológicos o clínicos, la filosofía ha examinado las (...) virtudes y también los defectos de su puesta en práctica. El presente artículo asume que la modelación basada en evidencias empíricas es una práctica de alto interés en linguistica. Con el fin de sustanciar tal asunción, se comparan dos enfoques filosóficos de la modelación científicadistinguidos por sus respectivas líneas de investigación en torno a la noción de representación: el representacionaly el pragmático. Los enfoques se ilustran posteriormente con un caso de la linguística denominado análisissintáctico del lenguaje, dirigido a examinar muestras particulares recogidas como evidencias en fases iniciales de la modelación experimental. Como conclusión, se enfatiza que ambos enfoques filosóficos aportan elementosanalíticos realmente pertinentes para el tipo de razonamiento científico que pivota en torno a modelos y cuyo alcance en la enseñanza de las ciencias puede resultar de gran interés práctico. (shrink)

El texto presenta una crítica moderada al excesivo valor pedagógico concedido actualmente a las tecnologías digitales para la enseñanza online. A partir de la sospecha vertida por Andrew Feenberg sobre las bondades supuestas del papel de Internet en la enseñanza superior, se presenta un análisis de la aplicación de las nuevas tecnologías a la educación no presencial y a un tipo particular de problema tecno-epistémico que puede derivar en una disminución cualitativa de la enseñanza en las aulas. Frente a ello, (...) se proponen algunas opciones de mejora y se concluye con un enfoque crítico relativizado que, junto con el reconocimiento de la valía de ciertas tecnologías para las enseñanzas no presenciales, asuma el valor inherente de ciertos elementos tradicionales que no deben ser desmerecidos por intereses económicos ni por tendencias pasajeras. (shrink)

The popular notion of bullshit and the term that expresses it has received little philosophical attention despite the fact that it pervades much of human discourse. Frankfurt recovered bullshit analysis in the eighties and opened the way to studies on its nature and function. Our interest in bullshit is philosophically analytical, but also practical, as bullshit particularly affects the field of science policy. In order to understand that double character, we first present Grice’s model of meaning of expressions and then (...) summarize the controversy between the tobacco industry and the US Administration, which allows us to state our basic hypothesis: tobacco companies have developed and implemented a discursive tactic of bullshit in order to delay or avoid governmental regulations and decisions. Before eventually applying the Gricean model to various cases of bullshit, we locate our approach against the background of the comparison between sound and junk science. Keywords: Grice, intention, meaning, tobacco industry, bullshit, junk science, uncertainty. (shrink)

The article focuses on some discursive defects that influence on decision-making around issues of science and technology (technoscience). Particularly, the nature and use of the linguistic phenomenon known as bullshit are analysed, and the results of this analysis are placed into the general context of the controversy about climate change. The conclusion emphasizes the relevance of avoiding confusions and humbug in the information available to the public and linked to decisions in the realm of science policy or regulation.

Resumen En este artículo propongo un análisis crítico de varias tendencias filosóficas contrarias al uso de la noción de verdad en el ámbito epistemológico, especialmente la de Rorty. En particular, sostengo que la verdad es un concepto clave para el estudio del conocimiento, especialmente el científico, en cuanto toma una forma concisa en los procedimientos experimentales de carácter probatorio-empírico. Gracias a este enfoque, busco socavar varias tesis de los enfoques de la ‘posverdad’ por medio del uso de un conjunto de (...) procedimientos científicos de obtención de evidencias en varios campos vinculados a la disciplina práctica de la medicina.In thispaper, I present a critical analysis of several philosophical tendencies that go against the use of the notion of truth in epistemology, especially Rorty’s one. Particularly, I claim that truth is a key conceptfor the study of knowledge, especially the scientific knowledge, as it takes a concise form through the experimentalprocedures for eliciting evidences. With the help of this analysis, I seek to undermine some ‘post-truth’ theses by means of analyying some scientific procedures to get evidences in severalfields related to the practical discipline of medicine. (shrink)

La crítica contundente de Quine a las nociones intensionales, así como a todo lo superfluo para una ontología de raíz lógica de primer orden, le condujo a rechazar la validez de la noción de semejanza en el ámbito de las ciencias maduras . El artículo consiste preci-samente en responder a esta crítica desde una perspectiva no formalista en la que la ciencia no se reduce a simple teoría, sino que se comprende como un complejo interactivo de diversas prácticas . Mi (...) respuesta a Quine toma como eje fundamental el análisis de la semejanza en una ciencia madura como lo es la química, y presenta un estudio de caso en el ámbito de la química sintética. El objetivo del artí-culo es en tal sentido triple: por un lado, critico la concepción reductivis-ta quineana de la ciencia; por otro, reclamo la importancia de la semejan-za en química; y, por último, reivindico lo que denomino pragmatismo ex-perimental, un modo de análisis de la tecnociencia que tiene en cuenta la práctica real de ésta y la interacción teoría-experimento-prácticas científicas des-de una perspectiva naturalista. El título incluye el verbo “desquinear”, in-existente en español, en clara referencia a mi negativa de aceptar el análi-sis de Quine.Quine's strong criticism of intensional notions as well as of everything that is superfluous for an ontology based on first order logic led him to deny the legitimacy of the notion of similarity in the realm of the mature sciences . In this paper I try to refute Quine's view by adopting a non-formalistic perspective, i.e., a perspec-tive in which science is not simply reduced to a theory, but is rather seen as an interative complex of several different forms of scientific practices . My reply to Quine has as main pillar the analysis of the notion of similarity in a mature science like chemistry, and is based on a study of a concrete case in the realm of synthetic chemistry. The aim of this paper is, therefore, threefold: first, I shall criticize Quine's reductivism regarding science; second, I shall defend the centrality of the notion of similarity in chemistry; fi-nally, I shall defend what I call experimental pragmatism, i.e., a specific way of analysing technological sciences that takes into account both the actual scientific practice and the interaction between theory, ex-periment and practices from a naturalistic point of view. The title con-tains the verb "de-quining", which does not actually exist in Spanish, but clearly refers to my rejection of Quine's analysis. (shrink)

En el texto defendemos que la crítica de Byung-Chul Han a la sociedad actual en sus vertientes epistémica y tecnocientífica es una pseudo-crítica. Su crítica de la noción de transparencia se teje con citas y reflexiones de naturaleza poco clara que chocan de frente con nuestra concepción de lo que es la crítica filosófica. Como alternativa, proponemos una crítica argumentada de los mismos fenómenos a los que apunta Han con el fin de desmontar su propuesta al respecto. Sobre el trasfondo (...) de la filosofía racionalista crítica de Popper y de la semiótica crítica de Eco, proponemos escrutar las nociones de conocimiento, enseñanza y tecnologías a partir del análisis de varios conceptos clave: el pseudo-conocimiento, la posverdad y el bullshit. A partir de ello, sostenemos que hay otros fenómenos (mala ciencia y mala filosofía, cámaras de eco, burbujas epistémicas) cuyo examen nos puede ayudar a acometer nuestra tarea crítica razonada de un fenómeno clave en la actualidad que Han ni siquiera ha previsto: las tecno-enseñanza online. (shrink)

One of the reasons for Carnap’s (1922) analysis of space was the confounding status of many arguments around the state of the art on that topic at that time. The unsatisfactory views supplied by mathematicians, physicists and philosophers led Carnap to propose a new conception of space. His proposal, which employs the notion of intuition as a fundamental tool, fared better, but clashed with his conventionalists intentions derived from an allegedly tolerant attitude. The notion of intuition here examined allows us (...) to claim that Carnap’s target was also an objectivist epistemological program dependent on certain realistic reminiscences embodied in the notion of evidence or matter of fact (Tatbestand). (shrink)

Resumen En el texto se expone un proceso de modelación basado en dos consideraciones (Sec. 2): que los modelos son autónomos y que sus metas directas son al menos tres: estar bien construidos, adecuarse al mundo empírico y ser capaces de realizar tareas subrogatorias. Para ello, se esbozan varios ingredientes fundamentales de la tarea modeladora en la lingüística basada en evidencias, así como los de un marco formal elegido para representar aquellos. La tercera sección está dedicada a aplicar el presente (...) análisis al caso de las redes complejas con el fin de que conceptos clave como la validez, la fiabilidad y la replicabilidad de la modelación, así como el concepto de diseño experimental en RC, se puedan observar desde un prisma representacional. La sección cuarta refleja las capacidades aplicativas de (RC), especialmente en el caso del aprendizaje del lenguaje en casos atípicos y a menudo socialmente marginados. A modo de cierre, la conclusión resume la puesta en práctica de la herramienta RC. Abstract A modeling process is initially outlined based on two considerations (Sec. 2), namely that models themselves are autonomous and that their direct goals are at least threefold: to be well constructed, to fit the empirical world, and to be able to perform subrogative tasks. This section outlines the fundamental elements of the modeling task in evidence-based linguistics, as well as those of a formal framework chosen to represent the former. The third section is devoted to applying the present theoretical analysis to the case of complex networks (CN), so that key concepts such as validity, reliability and replicability of modeling, as well as the concept of experimental design in complex networks, can be viewed from a representational perspective. The fourth section reflects the application capabilities of CN, especially in the case of language learning in atypical and often socially marginalized cases. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the implementation of the CN-tool. (shrink)

This paper argues for the theoretical and practical validity of similarity as a useful epistemological tool in scientific knowledge generation, specifically in chemistry. Classical analyses of similarity in philosophy of science do not account for the concept’s practical significance in scientific activities. We recur to examples from chemistry to counter the claim of authors like Quine or Goodman to the effect that similarity must be excluded from scientific practices . In conclusion we argue that more recent conceptualizations of the notion (...) of similarity, particularly Giere’s one, are appropriate for a philosophical analysis that considers scientific practices on equal terms with scientific theory. (shrink)

Los editores de este libro han conseguido reunir algunas de las mejores firmas de lo que en la actualidad se denomina 'filosofía de la química'. Esta subdisciplina de la filosofía de la ciencia, hasta hace bien poco marginal, comienza a exigir durante la década pasada el lugar adecuado que considera se merece, pero que la falta de análisis especializados, de talante no puramente histórico, por parte de filósofos había imposibilitado. De hecho, la supremacía de los estudios acerca de la reducción (...) de la química a la física ahondó considerable—mente en la falta de interés filosófico por las cuestiones químicas. Las fugaces apariciones de artículos dedicados al tema no hacían sino confirmar la regla de la apatía por él. Muchas eran—y son—las cuestiones que, sin embargo, rodeaban, se plasmaban y podían recibir la aclaración pertinente en el mundo de la filosofía de la química. Cuestiones que, planteadas en el marco general de la filosofía de la ciencia, no siempre se adecuaban al temario de subdisciplinas como la filosofía de la biología o la filosofía de la física. Pero también cuestiones propias de la química que podían incitar a la creación de nuevas estrategias generales. Este libro recoge una serie de respuestas en tal sentido, al proponer un elenco temático que evidencia la amplitud y el interés de los problemas filosóficos que la química origina. (shrink)

Mechanistic information is used in the field of risk assessment in order to clarify two controversial methodological issues, the selection of inference guides and the definition of standards of evidence. In this paper we present an analysis of the concept of mechanistic information in risk assessment by recurring to previous philosophical analyses of mechanistic explanation. Our conclusion is that the conceptual analysis of mechanistic explanation facilitates a better characterization of the concept of mechanistic information. However, it also shows that the (...) use of this kind of information in risk assessment is heavily influenced by pragmatic factors, which have not been sufficiently taken into account in philosophical analysis. Mechanistic models are like hypothesis that have to be validated empirically. Due to their dependence on the standards of evidence, they are subject to the same pragmatic factors. Therefore, recurring to mechanistic information does not lead to closure of the methodological controversies in risk assessment. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to expose the function of the culture and thought of the Far East, expressed in Japanese Zen Buddhism and Chinese Chan (as well as, in general, in Chinese philosophy and culture), within the thought of Byung-Chul Han. This dimension of the Korean's work has not been sufficiently deepened in the analyses that are made of him. This error leads to mistakes such as stating that there is no emancipation proposal in Han or that his (...) work is limited to a pessimistic description of the world. Thus, the investigation that follows the bibliographic-documental research method is divided into three moments; the first exposes the foundations of the philosophy of Zen-chan Buddhism developed by Han; the second delineates the ontology of Hanian falsification and; the third, analyzes the theses on the East within Han's theoretical project. (shrink)

El artículo busca desarrollar cómo es que dentro del filme Aloners (2021) se desenvuelve una crítica a la violencia positiva que identifica a la sociedad capitalista contemporánea. Para conseguir esta meta, el escrito se divide en tres momentos: el primero, que desarrolla el modo en que se entiende el trabajo muerto dentro del filme; el segundo, que se ocupa de profundizar en el modo en que se producen patologías sociales desde el ejercicio de una violencia positiva sobre la subjetividad del (...) sujeto y; finalmente, se recurre a la hauntología para poder comprender la función del fantasma en la cinta, develando así la crítica detrás de este mismo. De este modo, la hipótesis central del texto es que dentro de Aloners existe todo un aparato crítico hacia las formas de vida contemporáneas sometidas por la dominación total del trabajo en todos los aspectos de la existencia. (shrink)

By “epistemic pragmatism” in general I will understand the claim that whether propositions instantiate certain key epistemic properties (such as being known or being justifiably believed) depends not just on factors traditionally recognized as epistemic, but also on pragmatic factors, such as how costly it would be to the subject if the proposition were false. In what follows I consider two varieties of epistemic pragmatism. According to what I shall call moderate epistemic pragmatism, how much evidence we need in favor (...) of a proposition in order to know that the proposition is true depends on our preferences. According to what I shall call extreme epistemic pragmatism, on the other hand, our preferences influence our epistemic position at a more basic level, because they help determine how much justification we actually have in favor of the proposition in question. Simplifying brutally, moderate epistemic pragmatism has it that the more worried we are about a proposition’s being false, the more justification we need in order to know it, whereas extreme epistemic pragmatism has it that the more worried we are about a proposition’s being false, the less justification we have for it. Recently, Fantl and McGrath have presented an interesting argument for moderate epistemic pragmatism, an argument which relies on the principle that (roughly) knowledge is sufficient for action (KA). In this paper I argue that KA, together with a plausible principle about second-order evidence, entails extreme epistemic pragmatism. (shrink)

I discuss Turri's puzzle about withholding. I argue that attention to the way in which evidence can justify withholding dissolves the puzzle.

El propósito del presente trabajo es ofrecer una contextualización de “Las implicancias del pragmatismo para la educación”, que traducimos en este número de la revista. El artículo está compuesto de tres partes que John Dewey escribe en diciembre de 1908, febrero y marzo de 1909. Nuestra hipótesis interpretativa es que este texto es fundamental en dos sentidos: en primer lugar, para entender los lazos de Dewey con la tradición pragmatista; en segundo lugar, para comprender su conceptualización del vínculo entre pragmatismo (...) y educación. (shrink)

What relation must hold between a fact p and the corresponding belief that p for the belief to amount to knowledge? Many authors have recently proposed that the relation can be captured by subjunctive conditionals. In this paper I critically evaluate the main proposals along those lines.

Time plays a significant role in science and everyday life. Despite being experienced as a continuous flow, computational models of consciousness are typically restricted to a sequential temporal structure. This difference poses a serious challenge for computational phenomenology—a novel field combining phenomenology and computational modelling. By analysing the temporal structure of the active inference framework, we show that an integrated continuity of time can be achieved by merging Husserlian temporality with a sequential order of time. We also show that a (...) Markov blanket of the present moment integrates past and future moments of both subjective temporality and objective time in an asynchronous manner. By applying the integrated continuity, it is clear that active inference makes use of both subjective temporality and objective time in an integrated fashion. We conclude that active inference, on a temporal note, qualifies as a computational model for phenomenological investigations. (shrink)

The confluence of different Jewish traditions in the Qumran library is evident. The Enochic traditions are not only counted as the oldest influences in Qumran, they also give it a certain theological unity. This is even more true in the case of demonology. Belial’s figure brings together a rich lexicographic heritage in which different traditions are integrated under the characteristics of the Watchers and Giants of the Enochic tradition (1 En 6—8). This study analyzes the theological characterization of the demonological (...) figures found in Qumran to specify the Enochic influence on it. (shrink)

The dialogue Bruno of 1802 is arguably the natural starting point for any investigation on the concepts of finitude, evil and human freedom in Schelling’s middle metaphysics. In this dialogue the author elaborates for the first time in his system a concept of freedom and independence of the finite, which extends via his reformulation in Philosophy and Religion of 1804 to the Freedom Essay of 1809 and beyond to the works of 1810 and 1811 – Stuttgart Private Lectures and The (...) Ages of the World. The central ontological problem of the dialogue relates to the possibility of a separation between the absolute and the world as space of finite beings, which, according to the system of identity first presented in 1801, cannot exist as such. The question we will then address concerns the status of the finite as such and how would it be possible to admit both its existence for consciousness and the positing of an absolute and infinite principle of philosophy. We will show how Schelling’s interest shifts, almost unintentionally, from the infinite principle to the finite as such, as a principle of freedom and self-initiation independent of the real. (shrink)

El artículo analiza la producción de vacunas en el Instituto Bacteriológico del Departamento Nacional de Higiene de Argentina entre 1913 y 1921. Durante estos años, bajo la dirección del bacteriólogo austríaco Rudolf Kraus, la producción de vacunas fue una apuesta central de las actividades del IB. Para ello, presentamos una reconstrucción de los diferentes aspectos sociales y cognitivos involucrados en estos desarrollos, tales como la selección de los productos, de las técnicas utilizadas, del alcance que tuvieron en su distribución y (...) aplicación efectiva, de las expectativas en torno a su aplicación y de las relaciones y antecedentes a nivel internacional de cada caso, entre otras cuestiones. Proponemos, como eje del análisis, que es posible identificar tres tipos de racionalidades que guiaron el desarrollo de las vacunas, ligadas a las retribuciones o diferentes usos que estas podían redituar en los distintos campos o espacios sociales: una médica-sanitaria, una comercial y una científico-técnica, resultado de las diferentes expectativas y demandas que atravesaron al IB. En términos metodológicos, el trabajo se basa en el análisis de diversas fuentes documentales, tales como trabajos científicos y memorias institucionales del IB y del DNH, trabajos de divulgación profesional o educación universitaria de la época, y bibliografía secundaria de la historia de la ciencia y la medicina. (shrink)

IntroductionThe 2019–2020 pandemic COVID-19 has become a global health crisis. While many recent studies on COVID-19 pandemic have focused on disease epidemiology and psychological status of patients, few have explored the multi-facet influential factors or combined perspectives from both the patients and healthcare workers. The purposes of this study were to: analyze the influencing factors of psychological distress of COVID-19 patients; and describe the experience of healthcare workers relieving psychological distress.Materials and MethodsThis study uses a mixed-method cross-sectional design, including a (...) quantitative study and a qualitative study, targeting two populations: COVID-19 patient and health workers, respectively. In the quantitative part, we recruited a convenience sample of patients with COVID-19 from five hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei Province from 10 to 15 April, 2020. Besides, we collected data by using participants’ socio-demographic information sheet, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10, the Herth Hope Index, the Distress Thermometer, the Revised Chinese Version of Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, and the Chinese Version of Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale. In the qualitative part, the participants were healthcare workers involved in medical aid missions in Hubei Province, China. Meanwhile, we used sampling with convenient and purposive, data collection with a semi-structured online video interview, and text transcription with Colaizzi’s phenomenological method.ResultsThe results reveal that 25.7% of patients reported higher level of psychological distress. After controlling the sociodemographic variables, only severity of COVID-19 and uncertainty in illness shown significant effect on psychological distress in the regression model. The experience of healthcare workers emerged five themes: Particularly needed psychological care, Manifestation of negative emotion, Manifestation of proactive adaptation, Strategies relieving psychological distress, and gains of healthcare workers after delivering effective psychological care.ConclusionThe 25.7% of patients with COVID-19 still suffered from psychological distress, which should receive timely attention from healthcare workers. And the severity of the disease and disease uncertainty have a significant impact on distress. It is critical to train the healthcare workers on detecting the different manifestation of psychological distress, offering timely disease related information, and applying communication strategies. (shrink)

This essay defends the use of empirical comparative analysis in the development of normative inquiry. In it, Juan Espíndola argues that comparisons between two or more carefully crafted cases can help us appreciate the relevant contextual considerations that must be factored into normative analysis. In the social sciences, comparisons are used to control whether a generalization holds across cases, for explanatory purposes. Comparisons have a controlling function. With respect to normative endeavors, Espíndola contends, comparisons can play a similar function. (...) They can serve as a heuristic device to help us appreciate differences in what people value; in this sense, they also play an epistemic function, which can help us refine normative theories, especially if their ambition is to offer action-guiding prescriptions. (shrink)

This edition is designed to open the enchanting book to all readers of modern Spanish. Raymond Willis has regularized and brought the medieval text as close as possible, without falsification, to modern canons. The text is printed integrally, without annotation. Mr. Willis' English paraphrase, printed on facing pages, is written in syntactical constructions that exactly parallel the Spanish verses, and thus functions as both a glossary and a key to puzzling constructions. Originally published in 1972. The Princeton Legacy Library uses (...) the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. (shrink)

In recent decades, the expansion of economic activity has been accompanied by negative environmental impacts. In response, there have been dramatic changes worldwide in terms of an increased demand for environmentally friendly products and services. To achieve these eco-innovations, firms have sought to acquire knowledge and implement operational flexibility by cooperating with different agents such as universities through a value cocreation system that is also expected to enhance firms’ performance. Using a sample of 250 companies, the present paper examines the (...) role of cooperation with universities in the development of diverse environmental innovations and building operational flexibility and, through this, improving firm performance. Results show that firms that value cooperation with universities develop a wider range of environmental innovations and increase their sales and benefits. (shrink)

Juan Manuel Burgos presents his own version of personalism, which is nevertheless well rooted in the personalist tradition. He has been developing his project for years and is among a group of world-renowned personalists who study the complexity and mystery of the human person. His new book deals with the relationship between personalism and metaphysics. He poses the question of whether personalism can be considered a first philosophy. The answer is positive: it is indeed a sectorial first philosophy, which (...) may or may not be supported by traditional metaphysical projects, especially Thomistic ones. Not every personalist has to agree with its final thesis, although its position is well-founded and deserves much scholarly attention. It provokes further questions and opens up new areas of personalist discussion. This book confirms that personalism is a dynamic and growing school of thought that goes beyond describing the mere phenomena of the person and seeks deeper reasons for his being. I highly recommend this book as a new step to help us better understand the reality of the human person. (shrink)

His rich and multifaceted thought influenced many different traditions; he has been seen as an eclectic. This book elucidates Henry of Ghent's philosophical and theological system with special reference to his Trinitarian writings.

Trata-se de uma análise das afinidades da filosofia de Schopenhauer (1788-1860) no pensamento de Emil Cioran (1911-1995). Autor influente na Romênia desde o século XIX, Schopenhauer é considerado uma das principais referências de Cioran. As fichas de leituras, cartas, expressões e os temas abordados por Cioran constituem uma gama de argumentos para aproximação do filósofo romeno ao filósofo do pessimismo.

En el presente ensayo se estudia el tema de la historia y la historicidad en los escritos de la primera etapa (etapa ontológica) del pensamiento de X. Zubiri. Siguiendo las sugerencias de sus maestros Ortega y Gasset y Heidegger, Zubiri aborda esta problemática desde la perspectiva de la reforma del ser, pero ya en este momento apunta una orientación propia que culminará en la etapa de madurez. Frente a la concepción antigua de la historia, la que se hizo presente a (...) partir del siglo xix y que desembocará en las diversas formas de historicismo, Zubiri sostiene que hay que entender el devenir histórico como una dialéctica de posibilidades, por lo que distingue cuidadosamente entre hecho (actualización de potencias) y suceso (actualización de posibilidades), y postula una reforma de la metafísica cuyo programa es: de la naturaleza y de la historia al ser. (shrink)

Extending the relation between semi-Heyting algebras and semi-Nelson algebras to dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras, we introduce and study the variety of dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebras and some of its subvarieties. In particular, we prove that the category of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras is equivalent to the category of dually hemimorphic centered semi-Nelson algebras. We also study the lattice of congruences of a dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebra through some of its deductive systems.

In this paper we introduce a logic that we name semi Heyting–Brouwer logic, \, in such a way that the variety of double semi-Heyting algebras is its algebraic counterpart. We prove that, up to equivalences by translations, the Heyting–Brouwer logic \ is an axiomatic extension of \ and that the propositional calculi of intuitionistic logic \ and semi-intuitionistic logic \ turn out to be fragments of \.

Resumen: Levinas no suele hablar del Templo, pero en sus comentarios talmúdicos, dice algunas cosas muy impresionantes acerca del templo y de su imagen. Así, al comentar el Tratado Yoma 10a del Talmud, dice que «El templo de Jerusalén, según el pensamiento judío, es un símbolo, que significa para la humanidad entera». Este artículo se centra en clarificar esta tesis de Levinas y en la universalidad de un sólo templo, que según su comentario al Rabbi Hayyin Volozhiner «es una réplica (...) exacta del Templo celestial, el orden de la santidad absoluta». Investigo el valor simbólico del templo de Jerusalén, tanto construido como en ruinas, e intento conectar este valor con el resto de la filosofía de Levinas, espcialmente con su teoría del sacrificio como substitución.Key Words: Templo de Jerusalén; Mesianismo político; Historia; Responsabilidad; Culpa; Santidad; Sacrificio. (shrink)

This books mainly attemps to present and clarify the concept of scientific knowledge and method in Aristotle and Kant. The background is the evlution of the notion of scientific rationality along the centuries. It is considered the passage from the classical scientific rationality to the modern view.